Thermoelectric cooling, often referred to as the Peltier effect, is a technology that utilizes the thermoelectric effect to create a cooling effect. It relies on the Peltier module, which consists of two different semiconductor materials, usually bismuth telluride, and when an electric current flows through the module, one side becomes cold while the other side becomes hot. This effect is used in various applications, including small refrigeration units, beverage coolers, and temperature control in electronics and scientific instruments.